Helicobacter pylori and Other Enteric Bacteria in Freshwater Environments in Mexico City

Abstract 

Background

Helicobacter pylori infection is common in the Mexican population; however, sources, routes, and risk factors for infection as well as mode of transmission remain unclear.

Methods

H. pylori was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in three aquatic systems located in the Mexico City area. In addition, microbiologic cultures and physicochemical parameters were measured. The systems were sampled over an 18-month period (1997–1999), resulting in a total of 212 samples for the different analyses.

Results

Twenty-one percent of the samples (16/77) were positive for H. pylori; of these, 42% (5/12) were confirmed for cagA gene detection by PCR hybridization. Microbiologic samples (n = 74) yielded Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas veronii, and Vibrio fluvialis. In the samples for physicochemical analyses (n = 61), low concentrations of dissolved oxygen were detected and residual chlorine was less than the inactivation dose, both providing conditions for potential survival of H. pylori and other enteric pathogens in these environments.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that, in Mexico City, water used for human consumption and irrigation may play an important role as a vehicle in the transmission of H. pylori as well as infection by other known enteric pathogens.

Keywords:  Helicobacter pylori, Water sources, Mexico City, Enteric bacteria